P R O G R E S S  R E P O R T S

Use of Corn & Soybean Products for Production of CLA-enhanced Meat and Milk
Submitted by Kenneth E. Griswold, Penn State Cooperative Extension, and Gary A. Apgar, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Griswold: keg16@psu.edu
Apgar: pigguy@siu.edu
Executive Summary

This study was designed to increase milk and meat consumption by designing a model from which animal feedstuffs could be evaluated as to their ability to increase the concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and meat. The benefits of CLA consumption include prevention and reduction of tumors in mammary, stomach and skin tissues, amelioration of arteriosclerosis and diabetic glucose intolerance and alteration of fat metabolism and lean body mass. By introducing a ‘health-friendly' variety of milk and meat by increasing the CLA content, perhaps overall public perception and consumption of milk and meat can be improved. As consumption increases, use of corn and soybean meal as feed inputs would also follow suit.

In the 18:2 and 18:3 models the following feed ingredients increased these fatty acid concentrations: corn silage, canola oil, bermudagrass, fish oil and bromegrass. Hence, these feed items should be focused on when attempting to improve the CLA concentration of milk and meat. From these inputs, we further investigated each fatty acid individually, in an attempt to better define statistically important feed items for each. For 18:1 fatty acid production, the presence of ionophores increased 18:1 concentrations, however, increases in 18:1 tend to decrease CLA concentrations. For 18:2 fatty acid concentrations, dietary fat high in 18:2 increased its concentration, while dietary fats high in 18:1 decreased 18:2 concentrations. Sunflower seeds, olive oil, sunflower oil and alfalfa silage also affected 18:2 concentrations, and each has previously been associated with increased CLA concentrations in vivo. Increasing 18:3 concentrations is significantly impacted by dietary presence of red clover, alfalfa hay and corn. Interestingly, high oleic sunflower oil, whole raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, corn oil and soybean oil did not significantly alter fatty acid content. Obviously more data is needed to continue to improve and elucidate these findings.

Development of these models should aid in estimating increases of CLA in milk and meat, and improve the marketing of a "healthful" animal product such as milk and meat.

During this project Dr. Griswold assumed a new position in Lancaster County Pennsylvania. Dr. Apgar assumed responsibility for continuing the model development and testing.

Publications and Abstracts

Articles in Preparation

Qiu, X., K. E. Griswold and G. A. Apgar. Effects of corn silage and soybean oil levels in beef finishing diets on production of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in batch in vitro culture. (To be submitted).

Articles

Qiu, X., M. L. Eastridge, K. E. Griswold, and J. L. Firkins. 2004. Effects of substrate, passage rate, and pH in continuous culture on flows of conjugated linoleic acid and trans C18:1. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3473-3479.

Griswold, K. E., G. A. Apgar, R. A., Robinson, B. N. Jacobson, D. Johnson, and H. D. Woody. 2003. Effectiveness of short-term feeding strategies for altering conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of beef. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1862-1871.

Abstracts

AbuGhazaleh A., G. Apgar, and B. Jacobson. 2005. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on the production of vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid from unsaturated C18 fatty acids in rumen cultures. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):180.

AbuGhazaleh A.,G. Apgar, and B. Jacobson. 2005. The effect of low pH on the production of trans monoenes and conjugated linoleic acid in rumen cultures containing docosahexaenoic acid and unsaturated 18 carbons fatty acids. J. Anim. Sci 83(Suppl. 1):180.

AbuGhazaleh A., G. Apgar, R. Buckles, and K. Kalscheur. 2005. Production of trans monoenes and conjugated linoleic acid in continuous cultures fed diets containing fish oil and sunflower oil with decreasing levels of forage. J. Anim. Sci. 83:(Suppl 1):181.

Qiu, X., M. L. Eastridge, J. L. Firkins, K. E. Griswold, and G. A. Apgar. 2002. Effects of DMI, addition of buffer, and source of fat on duodenal flow and milk concentration of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-C18:1 in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):313.

Robinson R., K. E. Griswold, G. A. Apgar, B. N. Jacobson, D. Johnson, and H. D. Woody. 2001. Short-term feeding strategies for altering conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of meat. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):354.

Griswold, K. E., G. A. Apgar, B. N. Jacobson, E. D. Frantz, R. A. Robinson and J. S. Ely. 2001. Effect of corn silage and soybean oil on in vitro production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and 18:1 fatty acids by beef finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):159.

Frantz, E., R. Robinson, B. Jacobson, and K. Griswold. 2000. Use of in vitro fermentation for determining the potential CLA-producing capacity of ruminant diets. Proc. 25th Conf. on Rumen Function. 25:28.

Qiu, X., M. L. Eastridge, K. E. Griswold, and J. L. Firkins. 2000. Effects of solid passage rate, pH and level of linoleic acid on the production of cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (CLA) in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 83: (Suppl. 1):285.